Cross-posted from LegalPlanet.
Understandably, most of the attention at the beginning of the week was devoted to the rollout of the Trump administration's token effort to regulate greenhouse gases, the ACE rule. But something else happened, too. On Tuesday, a D.C. Circuit ruling ignored objections from the Trump administration and invalidated key parts of a rule dealing with coal ash disposal. That rule had originally come from the Obama administration, and the court agreed with environmentalists that it was too weak. Trump's efforts to weaken it further may have hit a fatal roadblock.
Coal ash is produced in huge quantities by coal-fired power plants. As the opinion describes, it's just chock-full of toxic substances. Traditionally, the industry just dumps it, in dry or wet form, in a pond or reservoir. If it escapes suddenly, it can cause a massive toxic flood; if slowly, it can contaminate groundwater.
The Trump administration asked the court to hold its ruling in abeyance until it could issue a new rule or else remand several aspects of the rule for further consideration. The court did remand some aspects of the rule that industry had not challenged, but not one crucial part of the rule, dealing with "legacy ponds" – that is, sites that are no longer receiving waste. The court agreed with environmentalists that requirements for these legacy sites were too weak. It also rejected industry's claim that EPA lacks authority to regulate these legacy sites.
The statutory interpretation argument about legacy sites is interesting, not just for lawyers but for English teachers, since it turned on a grammatical issue. The statute gives EPA authority over sites at which "waste is disposed of." Industry said that this was in the present tense, so EPA could only regulate sites that are still actively used for disposal. The judges in the majority found that the phrase was unambiguously in the past tense, including any place where disposed-of waste was found. The majority analogized to a teacher telling kids they have to clean up any desk where "water is spilled," which definitely doesn't just mean places where glasses are being tipped over right this minute. An even better analogy might be the phrase "where the bodies are buried" – a graveyard is certainly a place where "bodies are buried" even if it is no longer used for new burials.
The importance of the court's ruling is that the Trump administration will have to regulate these legacy sites, rather than having discretion to exempt them. (A concurring judge would have let EPA decide either way.) The administration will also be stuck with other parts of the ruling, such as the demand for tougher standards governing the use of clay-lined disposal sites (which basically means tamped-down dirt). All of this will ultimately make it more expensive for utilities to continue using coal.
There's one other question of broad import in this case. Industry attacked EPA for failing to balance costs and benefits in determining what to do with sites that violated the regulatory requirements. EPA allowed these sites to stay open for five years if there was no alternative way to dispose of the waste, but industry wanted a broader exemption that considered the cost of alternate disposal methods. The court said that EPA did not have the discretion to consider costs because the statute specified health risks as the basis for regulation. Where a statute fails to specify criteria (as in the Supreme Court case Michigan v. EPA), the agency must give some consideration to cost. But the D.C. Circuit quoted language in the Michigan opinion saying that, if a statute specifies non-cost factors, "the Act normally should not be read as implicitly allowing the agency to consider cost anyway."
In fairness, I should point out that the Obama administration was responsible for the weakness of this rule, but Trump wanted something even weaker than that. That plan is now in trouble, and in fact, EPA is probably going to have to strengthen the rule even more.
This decision caps off a run of adverse rulings by courts rejecting the positions of the Trump administration. It's going to make life more difficult for utilities using coal, and indirectly the coal industry, which Trump isn't going to like. And all of these losses are a good sign going forward, as bigger Trump administration initiatives start coming before the courts.
Top image by Wikimedia Commons user Brian Stansberry, CC Attribution 3.0 Unported.
